What is the mechanism of action for polyene antifungals?

Polyene antifungals, such as amphotericin B and nystatin, operate primarily by binding to ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Ergosterol plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and fluidity of the membrane. When polyenes attach to ergosterol, they disrupt the membrane's structure, leading to the formation of pores or channels. This disruption causes an increase in membrane permeability, allowing essential ions and small molecules to leak out of the cell. Consequently, the fungal cell becomes unable to maintain its normal physiological processes, ultimately resulting in cell death.

The other choices do not accurately describe the mechanism of action for polyene antifungals. While inhibiting chitin synthesis relates to some classes of antifungals, it is not relevant to polyenes. Disruption of protein synthesis and inhibition of cell division pertain more to other antifungal mechanisms, such as those seen in azoles and echinocandins, rather than the direct membrane-targeting action of polyenes. This unique action of polyenes makes them effective against various fungal infections.